2025-12-27
T. H. Mgheer, H. H. K. Al-Shukri, H. H. Naji, Z. H. Kadhim, A. H. Khudhair, T. H. Salih
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, resulting from intricate interplay among immune dysregulation, epithelial barrier malfunction and oxidative stress. Recent evidence has identified pyroptosis, a lytic and inflammatory type of programmed cell death, which is mediated by g asdermin D (GSDMD), as an important driver of intestinal inflammation. Pyroptosis also results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-18, that can further activate neutrophils and increase oxidative damage. Nevertheless, there are few integrated clinical research studies on the simultaneous detection of pyroptosis and cyt o kine release and oxidative stress markers in UC. Thus the aim of our research is to determine the serum concentrations of GSDMD, IL-18, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in UC patients compared with healthy controls and to investigate their relationships as well as explore the diagnostic value of these indices for UC. Methods : A case-control study was performed with 45 patients who were diagnosed with UC and 45 age-matched healthy controls. Serum levels of GSDMD, IL-18, MPO, and MDA were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) was assessed with immunodetection methods. Statistical analysis comprised independent t-tests, correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression. Results : The concentration of serum GSDMD, IL-18, MPO, MDA and CRP in UC patients we re all obviously higher than that in controls (all P Conclusions : Together, these results favor a pathogenic model of UC where GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis leads to IL-18 release and subsequent neutrophil activation and oxidative lipid damage. GSDMD, IL-18 and MDA show promise as alternative non-invasive diagnostic markers. These findings emphasize the importance of both pyroptosis and oxidative stress next to other biological mechanisms in their translation into clinical aspects of UC.
2025-12-01
A. I. Mohammed Salih, M. N. Abed, M. S. Musa, A. K. Obayes, M. S. J. Al-Ammash
This study aim ed to assess the influence of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug k etorolac on cardiotoxicity. Fifty albino mice were randomly divided into three equal groups: G roup I, G roup II, and G roup III (single/daily intraperitoneal injection of 0.132, 0.66, and 1.32 mg/kg, respectively/for 12 days) , and also the control group. After 48 h of treatment, blood samples were collected to evaluate cardiac enzymes, including troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin. The results showed , at the ultrastructural level, that the myocardium of G roup I exhibited characteristic changes, including congested blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration between the muscle fibers, and dissociation of muscle cells. In G roup II, karyorhexis atrophied. Group III showed necrosis of cardiomyocytes. We found a positive PAS reaction in the Purkinje fibers and cardiomyocytes and fibrosis in the heart muscle when compared with the control. Ultrastructurally , the lung of G roup I revealed edematous and bronchiolar debris. Group II was observed to have necrosis of bronchioles and desquamation of alveolar cells . Group III showed h emosiderin deposition, and discontinuous and collapsed alveoli. We observed a PAS-p ositive reaction in the alveolar, bronchiolar, an d pulmonary blood vessel walls; and also f ibrosis of necrotic alveoli, bronchiolar , and blood vessel walls. The analysi s of cardiac enzymes revealed a significant increase in troponin I in all experimental groups . O n the other hand, a significant increase in m yoglobin was seen in all experimental groups, whereas creatine kinase significant ly increase d in the groups II and III , P < 0.05 compared with the control group. In conclusion, this experimental study demonstrates for the first time the histopathological changes in the myocardial tissue and the lung, including congested blood vessels, atrophy, karyorhexis, and degeneration of myocardium, as well as inflammatory cell infi l tration . In alveolar fibrosis, bronchial cellular debris wa s present. This reflects the toxicity of k etorolac during this experimental.
2025-11-26
A. R. M. Chyad
A diponectin, leptin, and newly introduced adipokine s like resistin, visfatin, and omentin are useful in regulating metabolism and immunity and hence may serve as biomarkers to identify metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation in type 1 diabetes. The objective of this study was to measure serum adiponectin, leptin, and the novel adipokine (resistin, visfatin, and omentin) concentrations in patients with type 1 diabetes and the possibility of measuring them as biomarkers of metabolic and immune dysregulation. This was a case-control study (April – September 2025) comprising 150 diabetic and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls in Nasiriyah, Iraq to assess metabolic and adipokine profiles. Following informed consent, venous fasting blood was collected, processed and stored. Measurement of glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide and autoimmune markers (GAD 65, ICA, IAA) was done. Serum adipokines, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin, and omentin were measured in duplicate with ELISA to ma x imise accuracy. Demographic compatibility was established by comparative study of 150 type 1 diabetes patients versus 50 healthy controls, there was no significant difference in age or sex. The patients were more hypertrophic in terms of BMI (24.9 ± 3.6 vs. 23.7 ± 3.1 kg/m 2 ; P = 0.048) and severely hyperglycemic in terms of HbA1c (8.2 ± 1.5% vs. 5.1 ± 0.6 % ; P = 0.001). The random and O GT glucose levels and C peptide were significantly higher and lower, respectively, which verified the insulin secretion impairment. There was a high level of autoimmunity ( autoantibodies GAD65 68% ICA 54%, IAA 39). There was an increase in leptin, resistin and visfatin (all P < 0.001) and a decrease in omentin. Correlation analysis showed that adiponectin was significantly negatively correlated with leptin, resistin, visfatin, and positively correlated with omentin, which demonstrated that adipokines are intricately related in the metabolic and immune regulation processes. The analysis shows that patients with type 1 diabetes have adipokine imbalance, that is, reduced adiponectin and omentin, elevated leptin, resistin, and visfatin, which appears in chronic hyperglycemia and inflammation. These alterations indicate that they may be used as biomarkers of immune and metabolic disruptions.
2025-11-25
S. K. Al-Qaisi, O. D. Salman, S. K. Ibrahim, O. A. Mohsein
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is capable of triggering the complex of host immune response where the proportion of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is a key factor in the persistence of the virus, immune prote c tion, and the progression of the disease. These are the interactions among cytokines which are essential in the path o genesis of EBV and disorders that are affiliated with it. The paper will help to clarify the relations between the cyt o kine profiles and the immune reaction caused by Epstein-Bar r virus infection and reveal the main cytokines that could determine the persistence of the virus, regulate the immune response, and determine the progression of the disease. The current case-control study was a study designed in Nasiriyah, Iraq, between February and September 2025 and consisting of 90 participants with known infection by the Epstein-Bar r virus and 50 healthy participants of the same age group (between 18 to 50 years old). The exclusion criteria included pregnancy, chronic disease, autoimmune disease, malignancies and immunosuppressive drugs. Blood samples were collected by vein, serum was isol ated and kept at – 20 o C. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10, TGF-b), and anti-EBV antibodies (VCA IgM and IgG) were quantified by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Result: The researchers did not observe any significant differences between the groups regarding gender or age. The patients were much fatter than the controls (26.8 ± 4.2 vs. 24.5 ± 3.7 kg/m 2 , P = 0.003) and it is possible that being fat is a risk factor of EBV. There was a significant rise in inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a 1, and IL-10) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-b) in the patients, which shows that their immune systems were changing. Considerably more anti-EBV VCA IgM and IgG was found, and these were closely linked to molecules that cause inflammation. Conclusions: EBV infection elicits a robust immune reaction; it is manifested in proinflammatory (IL-6, TNF-3) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-3) cytokines. This balance is an attempt by the host to balance viral proliferation and m i nimal tissue damage to facilitate successful antiviral protection.
2025-11-13
N. M. Zazharska, T. I. Fotina
As a raw material for dairy products, goat milk must be safe for human consumption. Bacterial contamination and somatic cell count are the main indicators of milk safety. Somatic cell count is used as an indicator of milk quality and udder health in dairy goats, although its interpretation is complicated by non-infectious factors, including seasonality, parity, farm-specific cond i tions and physiological factors. Compared with the threshold level for cows, the somatic cell count in goat milk is higher. The aim of the study was to identify morphological features of goat milk components (including somatic cells) using scanning electron microscopy. Sample analysis was performed on a scanning electron microscope equipped with a low vacuum chamber and an X-ray microanalysis system in the electron microscopy laboratory of Sumy National Agrarian University. Somatic cells, fat globules, protein micelles, fat-protein agglomerates, calcium salts, and foreign impurities were detected in goat milk samples during observation using a scanning electron microscope. A detailed analysis revealed that somatic cells have a dense consistency and clearly defined boundaries. The characteristics of typical morphological structures of goat milk are summarized, the morph o logical features of somatic cells of goat milk in scanning electron microscopy images are described. Milk secretion in goats o c curs according to the apocrine type, as a result of which milk contains mainly fragments of the apical cytoplasm of secretory cells, rather than whole epithelial cells.
2025-11-11
А. Hunchak, О. Stefanyshyn, Y. Sirko, B. Kyryliv, I. Ratych, V. Hunchak, B. Gutyj, N. Pakholkiv, S. Sachko
The relevance of this research is determined by the need to improve the efficiency of protein utilization and reduce the cost of poultry products through the use of highly bioavailable protein and amino acid components, which corresponds to modern trends in sustainable and energy-efficient feeding. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of complex enrichment of compound feeds with high-protein feed yeast (46%) and the “Progloat” additive (19%), which contains a balanced complex of amino acids, vitamins, and microelements, in ensuring optimal protein nutrition and maintaining physiological homeostasis in laying hens. This article presents a fragment of comprehensive research on the intensity of metabolic processes in laying hens under conditions of quantitative and qualitative modification of dietary protein, including the use of bioelements in the form of nanoaquacitrates and enzyme suppl e ments to maximize digestible protein absorption and minimize feed conversion and nutrient emissions. The data presented focus on the effects of dietary correction on selected biochemical indicators in the blood and liver. It was found that the optimal feeding regime for Lohmann Brown laying hens included 19% of the innovative protein concentrate “Progloat” and 3.5% of high-protein (46%) feed yeast, with a simultaneous replacement of inorganic mineral premixes by citrate forms of trace elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Se, I) at 25% of their control diet content. Under such dietary correction, no negative dynamics of the serum biochemical profile were o b served. The total protein content in the blood of all groups remained stable and depended mainly on protein quality rather than its quantity. The use of innovative protein supplements enhanced protein utilization and increased total hepatic protein and proteolytic enzyme activity. Additionally, the calcium concentration in the blood correlated with increased eggshell strength, which rose by 4.1% compared to the control. The practical value of this study lies in the scientific justification for introducing innovative protein additives into production diets to increase the biological value of feeds, improve product quality, and reduce resource consumption.
2025-11-09
P. А. Vashchenko, M. M. Skyba, A. M. Saienko, V. H. Slynko, B. S. Shaferivskyi, O. I. Myronenko, O. I. Stadnytska, O. M. Tsereniuk
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an effective approach to accelerating genetic progress in livestock by identifying p o lymorphisms associated with economically important traits. The pituitary-specific transcription factor gene PIT1 plays a regulatory role in the synthesis of growth hormone and prolactin, thus potentially influencing milk yield and body conform a tion in dairy cattle. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of PIT1 genotypes and their associations with productive and morphometric traits in Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy cows – a local breed with limited genetic characterization. Gen o typing was performed using PCR-RFLP with restriction enzyme HinfI on DNA samples obtained from 51 cows. Three genotypes (AA, AB, BB) were identified with frequencies of 0.059, 0.549, and 0.392, respectively. The population was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value (0.34) confirmed an adequate level of variability for association analysis. The frequency of allele B was twice that of allele A, suggesting moderate genetic conso l idation of the herd. Cows with the PIT1 BB genotype showed a significantly higher milk yield per lactation ( higher by 14.8%) and a 9.8% higher 305 day yield compared with the AB group. In contrast, genotype AB was associated with greater chest width (by 3.4%), as well as higher pelvic–thoracic and thoracic indexes, indicating a more robust body type. No signi f icant differences were found among genotypes for milk fat content, udder morphology, milking speed, live weight, or service period duration.The obtained results demonstrate that PIT1 polymorphism affects milk yield and certain conformation i n dexes in Ukrainian Red-and-White cattle, primarily through mechanisms related to endocrine regulation rather than skeletal development. The presence of both alleles at moderate frequencies highlights the genetic diversity of this local breed and supports its potential use in further genomic selection programs aimed at improving milk productivity while maintaining adaptive traits.
2025-11-09
V. Koziy, O. Poroshinska, R. Stavetska, O. Stepanov, S. Huralska, L. Yevtukh, A. Dubovyi, O. Yеroshenko, S. Vlasenko, N. Avramenko, B. Bilyk, N. Kozii
Psychosomatic disorders represent a complex category of conditions characterized by the interaction between psych o logical processes and somatic functions in animals. Unlike traditional disease models that separate mental and physical health, the psychosomatic approach involves the recognition of dynamic regulations across cognitive, emotional, autonomic, and physiological systems. This review summarizes contemporary knowledge on the definition, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of psychosomatic disorders in animals in veterinary contexts. Emphasis is placed on how cognitive processes (such as learning, expectations, and perceptions), affective states (including chronic fear, frustration, or social deprivation), and reflexive mechanisms (e.g., autonomic reactivity and visceral responses) interact to produce and sustain pathological outcomes. Biological risk factors, such as neuroendocrine dysregulation, immune dysfunction, and neural interruption, are examined alongside environmental, social, and developmental contributors. The review also explores species-specific diagnostic challenges and current assessment tools, including behavioral scoring systems, salivary cortisol level, thermography, and heart rate variability. Therapeutic approaches are discussed in terms of providing environmental enrichment, behavioral modification, pharmacological treatment, and integrative clinical models grounded in behavior and welfare science. Interdisciplinary approaches including affective neuroscience, psychoneuroimmunology, and ethology are proposed as essential for advancing both the scientific understanding, prevention and clinical management of these disorders. This work highlights the importance of understanding psychosomatic disorders not merely as isolated clinical conditions, but as complex physiological phenomena shaped by the animal’s emotional, cognitive, and environmental experiences.
2025-11-06
A. S. Kramarenko, S. S. Kramarenko
Intensive selection for milk production has resulted in unfavorable genetic correlations with fertility, contributing to longer calving intervals, increased insemination rates, higher culling levels, and rising costs of reproductive management. This study e x amined the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the calving-to-conception interval and its relationship with milk produ c tivity traits in Holstein cows. The analysis was based on data from cows that calved at PJSC ‘Plemzavod Stepnoy’ in Zaporizhzhia region , Ukraine , between 2014 and 2017. For each animal, 305-d milk yield, milk fat percentage, and the calving-to-conception interval were recorded and analyzed using the General Linear Model. The results showed that parity, year and season of calving significantly influenced the calving-to-conception interval, whereas the effect of sire was not significant. Younger cows generally conceived sooner after calving than older cows. Over the study period, there was a clear tendency toward shorter calving-to-conception intervals, suggesting improvement in reproductive performance. Cows calving in summer and autumn also had shorter intervals than those calving in winter or spring. The joint analysis of parity and the calving-to-conception interval indicated that reproductive efficiency was closely related to milk yield and composition. Cows with moderate calving-to-conception intervals (91–120 d) produced more milk of slightly higher quality than those with shorter or longer intervals. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of managing reproductive cycles to optimize both fertility and milk productivity in Holstein herds under the produ c tion conditions of southern Ukraine.
2025-10-28
Y. H. Kot, K. V. Kot, H. S. Andriiash, O. O. Tigunova, Y. B. Blume, S. M. Shulga
Infiltration of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation are associated with the onset and progression of neurodegenerative and oncological diseases. For this reason, treatment with drugs with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may be appropriate to prevent or slow the progression of these disorders. Alzheimer's disease is associated with the occurrence and progression of cerebral amyloidosis in the foci of cholinergic neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus. It is the neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus that suffer the most from the toxicity of Aβ oligomers, which subsequently form senile plaques, leading to the destruction of neuronal networks and the activation of nonspecific inflammation. Polyphenols, such as flavonoids, are characterised by potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity against many chronic diseases and is able not only to inhibit cell proliferation but also to induce apoptosis by modulating several pro-inflammatory factors. Curcumin’s bioavailability is limited by its low solubility in water, so loading curcumin into appropriate nanocarriers can improve its efficacy, local deposition and distribution. Targeted delivery of pharmaceutically active ingredients is a pressing issue and, given the significant results in proteome research, is emerging as a leading issue in the study of RNA regulatory mechanisms, in particular, the divergent functions of small RNAs (microRNAs). MicroRNAs are key modulators of the genome due to their ability to influence most of the genes that code for proteins in the body. Gene therapy regulates or blocks the overexpression of a single gene at the post-transcriptional level using the corresponding microRNA. The major unresolved problem in the applic a tion of microRNAs has been the targeted delivery of these molecules. Therefore, to address the challenge of targeted delivery of microRNA to the central nervous system, it is proposed to use administration via lipid-based delivery nanosystems. The review presents the main characteristics and mechanisms of action of curcumin and microRNA on the chronic inflammatory process that consistently accompanies the progression of amyloidosis, as well as their direct inhibitory effect on the excessive formation of β-amyloid peptides. It has been shown that microRNA miR-101 can specifically interact, via its “seed” region, with the messenger RNA of the amyloid precursor protein (AβPP), thereby repressing the overexpression of the AβPP gene and preventing its amyloidogenic processing.
2025-10-26
M. Hrytsyna, I. Salamon, N. Mazur, R. Firman
Daucus carota (wild carrot ) is a wild plant with unlimited resources used in pharmacology. Its medicinal raw materials are fruits ( Fructus dauci ), but inflorescences and leaves have various biologically active substances. There is a need for their detailed study. The research study aims to describe in detail this biennial herb's anatomical and morphological characteristics, which are promising for phytotherapeutic use. The D. carota leaves are short-petiolate, deep green, oblong in outline, three times pinnately dissected, with incised-toothed lobes, pubescent with one-, rarely two-, three-celled sharp hairs. Up the shoot, the leaves are sessile, forming a sheath; their terminal lobes gradually become oblong. The epidermis on the lower side of the leaf has rectangular cells with slightly curved walls and a diacytic stomatal apparatus. Under it lies the collenchyma. Along the veins are pointed, one-celled, warty hairs. The epidermis on the upper side is formed from small polygonal, cells; stomata are single. Columnar parenchyma is formed by 1 – 2 rows of elongated cells. The spongy tissue consists of wide, irregularly shaped cells that do not fit tightly together. There is a layer of special cells in which assimilates accumulate at the border between the spongy and palisade tissues. The conducting bundle is closed, bilateral, surrounded by sheath cells. The inflorescence is a compound umbel, each ray forming a secondary umbel. At the base of the compound umbel there is a spathe of pinnately dissected leaves. The marginal flowers of the outer umbels have petals of different sizes, incised into unequal lobes, with veins, yellowish-white with pink edges. In the inner flowers of the umbels and the inner umbels of the complex inflorescence, the flowers have five identical, broadly oval, white petals , incised in the middle, and curved upwards. Their epidermal cells are oval, large, with nuclei and papillary hairs. Since a high content of coumarins and pyrocatechins was found in the inflorescence of D. carota , the diagnostic features of its medicinal raw material ( the herb ) were described for further scientific research, writing a monograph for the European Pharmacopoeia and creating new herbal medicines based on it.
2025-10-23
L. Y. Korniienko, A. V. Pyskun, N. B. Vydaiko, O. L. Kravtsova, H. B. Aliekseieva, O. V. Matviienko, O. V. Pishchanskyi, T. M. Ukhovska, V. V. Kulykova, V. B. Kusturov, O. D. Nebeshchuk
Botulism remains one of the most dangerous toxic infections in humans and animals, characterized by severe neuroparalytic manifestations and a high mortality rate. The causative agent Clostridium botulinum is a naturally occurring anaerobe capable of long-term preservation in spore form and production of an extremely potent botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Despite considerable attention being paid to this disease and changes in European veterinary legislation, botulism remains a pressing problem worldwide and, in particular, in Ukraine, both in terms of veterinary safety and public health. The study was conducted to analyze the epizootological and epidemiological characteristics of botulism in Ukraine over the past 15 years among animals and 10 years – among humans. The data sources were reports from regional laboratories of the State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Protection, research results from the State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, and information from the Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. All cases were confirmed by laboratory tests (immunofluorescence assay, bioassay on laboratory animals). For statistical analysis, binomial confidence intervals (BCI) calculated using the Klopper-Pearson method were used, and for visualization, the QGIS 3.16 program was used with cartographic layers of the admi n istrative boundaries of Ukraine. During the period under review, 7 , 031 positive cases of botulism were registered among animals and in feed, of which 77.9% (BCI, 77.0–78.9%) were isolates from feed and 22.1% (BCI, 21.1–23.1%) were from animals. Among the affected farm animals, pigs (41.6%), cattle (21.9%), and horses (7.8%) dominated. A significant number of cases were registered among cats, dogs, minks, foxes, wild rodents, and poultry, which were grouped into the category “others” and accounted for 28.8% (BCI, 26.5–31.1%). The highest number of positive cases among animals and feed was recorded in the Luhansk (80.2%), Vinnytsia (12.7%), and Donetsk (5.0%) regions. At the same time, between 2018 and 2024, the number of tests decreased significantly: only one positive sample was found in feed, which is more than 500 times less than in the previous seven years. Between 2015 and 2024, 1,070 cases of botulism were registered in humans, mainly in the central and northwestern regions. The results indicate a decrease in the intensity of diagnostic st u dies, which may lead to an underestimation of the real epizootic situation. It is necessary to restore syst e matic monitoring, feed control, and strengthen biosafety o n farms as key elements of botulism prevention in Ukraine.
2025-10-21
G. F. Karim, A. H. Mohamed, E. J. Ibrahem, O. Darweesh
Synergistic antibiotic combinations might offer an approach to overcome microbial resistance mechanisms. This work i n vestigated genetic determinants of resistan ce to antibiotics. and evaluated in vitro the impacts of several different antibiotic combinations on a panel of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and the extended drug-resistant A. ba u mannii (XDR – A. baumannii ) strains. Clinical samples were obtained from patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from August 1, 2024, to August 31, 2025. The "BD Phoenix Automated System" was employed to identify isolated bacteria at species-level, and for determination of the blaOXA-51-like gene. The isolates were screened for some c arbapen e mase genes and the IS A ba1gene using PCR. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to detect the effect of the various antibiotics used in combination. The study used 24 strains of A. baumannii . All tested antibiotics, except for coli s tin (CL), were ineffective against the isolates. The major mechanism of resistan ce to carbapenems was the coexistence of blaOXA -51-like and IS A ba 1 genetic elements in 24(100%) isolates, foll owed by isolates carrying the blaOXA-24-like and blaNDM-1 genes, accounting for 16 (66.7%) and 8 (33.3%) of all isolates respectively. A single effective combination of CL and tigecycline (TGC) exhibited the maximum rate (100%) of synergy against th e A. baumannii sample s . The s ynergistic effect of CL in combination with TGC was confirmed , which may confer therapeutic benefits against XDR- A. baumannii . This fin d ing is valuable and emphasizes the necessity to discover novel combination therapies that are effective against virtually untrea t able XDR- A. baumannii infections. However, further clinical trials are required to verify the efficacy.
2025-10-18
I. A. A. K. Al-Samarai, A. J. Al Samer
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, especially among the elderly. Fifty blood samples were collected from patients (25 females and 25 males) suffering from ischemic stroke (IS) who visited the central health laboratories at the Medical City. The p atients belonged to different age groups ranging from 45 – 65 years. Twenty samples (10 females and 10 males) were collected from healthy individuals who did not suffer from any diseases as a control group. Several biochemical parameters were tested, such as intercellular adhesion molecule ( ICAM ) , bradykinin , sodium and potassium in the patient’s blood serum. The results of the present study indicated a significant elevat ion in ICAM, bradykinin , Na, K in the blood serum of the patient group compared to the control group. The results also showed a highly significant positive correlation between bradykinin concentration and ICAM in the blood serum of the patient group, as the value of the correlation coefficient was 0.724. The results also showed that the area under the curve value for the studied variables, ICAM, bradykinin, was excellent, so they can be cons i dered important diagnostic variables for patients with ischemic stroke.
2025-09-30
S. H. Khablak, L. M. Bondareva, M. M. Dolia, V. M. Spychak, T. Y. Lykholat, T. V. Sklyar, Y. V. Lykholat
The study presents an innovative integrative model of plant immune architecture, based on the utilization of autophagy as a key regulator of multilevel immune cascades. The proposed approach establishes the foundation for a new practical paradigm in crop science – “immune management,” which enables targeted regulation of the balance between autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormonal signaling, and regenerative processes. The concept of autophagic priming provides the basis for preventive immunity, substantially enhancing both the speed and efficiency of crop adaptation to diverse pathogens and stress factors. The practical significance of this model lies in its potential for the development of immunomodulatory bioproducts, the breeding of cultivars with broad-spectrum stress resistance, and the design of flexible agro-technological schemes aimed at yield stability and reduced reliance on chemical crop protection. The integration of biological inducers, microbiome-based products, and precision farming technologies paves the way for next-generation agricultural systems capable of ensuring sustainable production under variable climatic conditions. The cumulative economic effect of implementing autophagic priming and fourth-generation bioproducts worldwide is estimated at 15–25 billion USD annually, highlighting their pote n tial as a key driver of global transformation in the crop protection market.
2025-09-30
E. G. Ivanov, E. M. Klimova, A. A. Bozhkov, M. K. Kovalova, A. I. Bozhkov
Regulation of the functional activity of the cellular component of the body's immune system against the background of var i ous liver pathologies, primarily fibrosis, represents a promising approach to developing treatment strategies for such altered fun c tional states. Low molecular weight protein components (LMW) obtained from whole cow colostrum were analysed as natural regulators of immune system activity. The effect of LMW on the number of cytotoxic components in blood serum, the activity of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent phagocytosis, and the number of circulating immune complexes in the blood of animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis was determined. Liver fibrosis was induced in Wistar rats by 6 consecutive injections of copper sulphate at a dose of 1 mg/100 g body weight, and after 3 days one of the groups of animals was administered LMW at a dose of 0.1 mg/100 g body weight per os daily for 6 days. It was found that animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis had a twofold increase in cytotoxic components in the body compared to the control group. This was accompanied by a twofold increase in the spontaneous level of phagocytic activity of neutrophils (without additional stimulation with zymosan), while the functional r e serve of neutrophils was depleted (there was no stimulation with zymosan); the ability of phagocytic cells to absorb foreign su b stances was increased by only 34%, while the number of circulating immune complexes was reduced by 33%. This immune status of animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis can be defined as a risk factor for the developmen t of an autoimmune component. Administration of LMW to animals with liver fibrosis for 6 days at a dose of 1 mg/100 g of body weight led to a decrease in phagocytic activity to the level of control indicators, restoration of the reserve of oxygen-dependent phagocytosis of neutrophils and normalisation of oxygen-independent phagocytosis indicators, while the number of circulating immune complexes corre s ponded to the control values. The restoration of cellular parameters under the influence of LMW may prevent the chronic deve l opment of liver fibrosis and its transition to cirrhosis, and further systemic studies will allow the development of treatment tactics using natural LMW.
2025-09-27
H. Alam, M. Bilal, N. Akhtar, M. Yasmeen, Q. A. Khan, M. Hussain
The silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) is an important species in the sericulture industry, which contributes significantly to global silk production. However, identifying and distinguishing different strains of B. mori has been challenging, especially at the larval stages, where morphological similarities are prominent. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of B. mori from the Changa Manga Forest, Punjab, Pakistan, by using mtDNA COI gene sequences. The DNA was extracted from thorax tissue and amplified using the COI gene’s universal primers. The obtained DNA sequences were trimmed and analyzed using BioEdit. After trimming the ambiguous bases, the DNA sequences were submitted to Genba n k and accession numbers were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis was performed through Neighbor-joining method using 100 bootstrap pseudo-replicates in MEGA X. The results showed that the B. mori strains present in Pakistan exhibited a high d e gree of genetic identity with Chinese strains. The mean genetic divergence of B. mori from Bombyx mandarina was found to be 0.016 ± 0.003. Furthermore, entropy plot analysis revealed both conserved and variable regions within the COI gene. The present study underscores the potential of the COI gene as a key marker for silkworm species identification and genetic characterization, contributing to the improvement of sericulture practices. The findings also have implications for biodiversity conservation and forensic applications in the sericulture industry. Future research with larger sample sizes across different regions will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity and strain characteristics of B. mori , which is crucial for enhancing silk production and sustainable sericulture practices.
2025-09-23
A. A. Seliuta, A. L. Polyakova, T. M. Gurina
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural glycosaminoglycan found in all tissues and body fluids of vertebrates, including those of humans. Its biological functions vary with molecular weight. As the main component of the extracellular matrix, HA, owing to its high water-binding capacity, plays a critical role in maintaining tissue hydration, osmotic balance, lubrication, and cellular activity. It influences cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, inflammation, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and other biological processes. This article reviews recent advances in HA applications across regenerative medicine, orthopedics, derma tology, neurology, dentistry, cosmetology, cryobiology, drug delivery, oncology, and the food industry. E ffectiveness of HA in wound healing depends largely on its molecular weight: high molecular weight HA exhibits immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas low molecular weight HA promotes immunostimulation and amplifies inflammation. Hydrogels based on HA and its derivatives have gained prominence as potential treatments for bone diseases. Advances in 3D printing enable precise control of scaffold architecture and porosity, which is essential for mimicking native bone tissue, and allow int e gration of HA-based hydrogels with other materials to generate composite scaffolds with enhanced performance. In dentistry, HA is commonly used for diverse procedures, including papilla regeneration injections, implant coating, topical treatment of oral ulcers, supplementation to platelet-rich fibrin, plasma and growth factors, use as a matrix for encapsulation of stem cells and signalling molecules and as a nanocarrier of drugs, and therapy of denture- or surgery-induced stomatitis and irritation. In op h thalmology, HA is used in eye drops to relieve eye dryness and to improve contact lens tolerance. Due to its viscosity, HA is useful in various ophthalmic procedures, including cataract surgery, vitreoretinal surgery and glaucoma treatment. In cryobiol o gy, HA is being explored as part of complex cryoprotectant formulations. For example, HA is known to be able to neutralize free radicals and to protect cells from reactive oxygen species generated by cryoprotectants. The article also highlights prospects for the rising use of innovative HA-based products to advance current medical practices and biotechnologies.
2025-09-19
U. M. Vus, B. V. Gutyj, R. M. Sachuk, V. I. Kushnir, V. V. Brygadyrenko, O. Y. Klym
The relevance of this study stems from the fact that toxic liver injury is accompanied by the development of oxidative stress, which leads to structural and functional damage to hepatocytes, as well as disruption of the activity of key antioxidant defense enzymes. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Devivit Carnitine on lipid peroxidation parameters and the state of the glutathione antioxidant defense system in rats under conditions of carbon tetrachloride intoxication. The experiment was conducted on three groups of animals: a control group, an experimental group with carbon tetrachloride - induced liver injury, and an experimental group that received Devivit Carnitine in addition to carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Devivit Carnitine is a multicomponent preparation containing carnitine hydrochloride, vitamins E and B 12 , methionine, selenium, and zinc. The levels of lipid hydroperoxides, TBA-active products, glutathione peroxidase activity, and reduced glutathione content in the blood of rats were assessed on days 2, 5, 10, and 14 of the experiment. Carbon tetrachloride intoxication caused a marked increase in lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products in the blood, along with inhibition of glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased glutathione content. Administration of Devivit Carnitine under these conditions significantly reduced lipid hydroperoxide and TBA-active product levels and normalized glutathione system parameters. By day 14, lipid hydroperoxide levels in animals of this group were close to physiological values, while glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione content reached control levels. The results confirm that Devivit Carnitine demonstrates pronounced antioxidant properties, manifested through inhibition of free radical oxidation processes and activation of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of antioxidant defense. The preparation may be a promising therapeutic agent in the complex treatment of toxic hepatoses, particularly those associated with oxid a tive stress, helping preserve the structural and functional integrity of the liver.
2025-09-11
M. Nazarenko, O. Okselenko
The investigation of novel agents for inducing practical biodiversity in modern winter wheat varieties presents significant op portunities for developing new commercial cultivars and components for recombination breeding. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the epimutagen Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) for optimizing yield and grain quality parameters in mutant wheat forms. Eight winter wheat varieties (Perspektyva Odeska, Sonata Poltavska, Shpalivka, MIP Lada, Farell, NE 12443, Ronin, and Seilor) were exposed to NP-40 at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%, with a seed exposure period of 24 hours, adhering to established chemical mutagenesis protocols. The study identified clear patterns in epimutational processes affecting agriculturally valuable traits, thereby enhancing the predictability and reliability of mutation breeding programs. The varieties Farell, Ronin, and Perspektyva Odeska demonstrated particularly high potential for generating agriculturally valuable variability. Optimal epi mutagen concentrations (0.1% and 0.5% NP-40) produced substantial breeding variability, yielding valuable genetic material suitable for both direct commercialization and parental lines in hybridization programs. Notably, NP-40 induced epimutations with high reliability in traits such as improved microelement content, early ripeness, increased protein content, and reduced plant height. Moderately induced traits included elongated spikes, enhanced protein composition, improved productivity, and increased disease tolerance. NP-40 treatments, while highly effective overall, showed a strong dependency on genotype, suggesting targe ted variety selection is essential. Although the frequency of complex trait epimutations was relatively low, such epimutations, when present, proved highly valuable. Higher concentrations of NP-40 increased the risk of undesirable traits such as taller plants and delayed maturity, highlighting the necessity for balanced concentration management. Several promising epimutant winter wheat lines were identified as potential future commercial cultivars, exhibiting high grain productivity and superior bread-making quality, including one exceptional form noted for outstanding grain protein characteristics. Further research is planned to evaluate physiological adaptations of these new lines, particularly their resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought and winter hardiness.
2025-09-10
L. Jabbar, R. H. Qasim, H. Al-Mahdi
Constipation affects 15–20% of the global population and is classified as primary or secondary. Primary constipation involves neuromuscular or sensory dysfunction, while secondary causes include medications, metabolic disorders, or structural abnormalities. The objective of this study was to determine the laxatives most frequently dispensed by the community pharmacists in Nasiriyah city, Southern Iraq. The data included information on dosage forms, dose, frequency, interval between doses, safety in pregnancy and lactation, and adverse reactions. The research took place during 10 months (from January to October 2023). Bisacodyl was found to be the most widely prescribed laxative (48.7%) in Nasiriyah, followed by lactulose (25.0%). Oral forms were preferred (81.2%). Safety was the primary decision factor (35.0%) and efficacy and cost as well had significant roles. W e found that bisacodyl is more popular in Nasiriyah than U.S. or Europe , where lactulose is mo re frequently used . This indicates that differences in the medical practice, recommendations, and availability of drugs themselves impact regional prescribing . In Southern Iraq, bisacodyl remains dominant, with minor variations among governorates. These findings highlight the need for localized research to understand and improve healthcare practices. Given the variety of laxatives and their impact on safety and efficacy, assessing their usage is crucial. Our findings recommend aligning laxative prescription practices with WHO guid e lines. We also suggest implementing a stricter follow-up system for over-the-counter sales in Iraqi pharmacies to ensure proper use and reduce risks from misuse. This is vital for improving public health.
2025-09-10
K. Lukianenko, O. Poroshinska, N. Kozii, S. Shmayun, O. Piddubnyak, B. Bilyk, A. Kharchenko, V. Koziy
Canine post-traumatic stress disorder is an increasingly recognized condition within veterinary behavioral medicine, reflecting a growing understanding of how trauma affects the psychological well-being of companion animals. Dogs exposed to acute or chronic stressors, including abuse, abandonment, military deployment, and natural disasters, may develop persistent behavioral disturbances consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder. However, diagnosis remains a significant challenge due to overlapping symptoms with other behavioral disorders, absence of standardized diagnostic criteria, and limited veterinary training in animal mental health. The analysis draws upon peer-reviewed literature published between 2005 and 2024 across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts. Selection criteria prioritized studies on post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptomatology, behavioral diagnostics, pharmacotherapy, and therapeutic interventions, with emphasis on methodological rigor and clinical applicability. While both human-based diagnostic frameworks and canine-specific behavioral assessments are discussed, their translational limitations are critically examined. Clinically, canine post-traumatic stress disorder manifests through hyperarousal, avoidance, aggression, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors. Diagnosis necessitates comprehensive behavioral histories, validated screening instruments, and exclusion of differential diagnoses, including neurological, endocrine, and pain-related conditions. A c onsistent finding in literature is the essential role of interdisciplinary collaboration, involving veterinarians, behaviorists, psychologists, and professional trainers . Despite this, the veterinary profession continues to lack structured education in behavioral medicine, contributing to underdiagnosis and inconsistent treatment practices. Methodological limitations, including small sample sizes, non-validated outcome measures, and heterogeneity in definitions – further constrain evidence-based advancements. Future priorities include the development of standardized diagnostic criteria, large-scale epidemiological and neurobiological research, and investigation into novel pharmacological agents, including cannabinoid derivatives and neuropeptides. Public and professional education initiatives are also critical to improve recognition and management of post-traumatic stress disorder in dogs. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and ethically informed approach is imperative to enhance the quality of life for tra u matized animals and to advance veterinary behavioral science.