2026-04-01
Leylufer I. Aliyeva, Sanan S. Goyushli
Bitumen is a product obtained from crude oil during processing. It is usually used as a binder in asphalt coatings or as a sealant and waterproofing material in the roof. Due to the different origin of crude oil, the characteristics of bitumen belonging to the same class from the point of view of mechanical properties can differ significantly in terms of chemical composition and microstructure. This is reflected in its long-term characteristics, such as, for example, susceptibility to aging. Bitumen is a multiphase system with a pronounced microstructure, which is inextricably linked to its composition, but can also change depending on the external conditions to which it is exposed. This microstructure is responsible for the mechanical properties of bitumen, but the microstructure can also be changed by adding polymers. Due to the organic nature of bitumen and its additives, the material is subject to oxidation and other environmental influences during its service life. Aging changes the chemical composition and functionality, microstructure and mechanical properties. Bitumen aging is usually quantified using several approaches based on the temporary deterioration of its mechanical properties, such as viscosity. Polymers are added to bitumen with the overall goal of increasing the durability of asphalt concrete layers due to increasing their resistance to mechanical and environmental influences. Bitumen-polymer compositions are able to combine the qualities inherent in polymers (increased values of mechanical strength, elasticity) and bitumen. The introduction of polymers also allows to reduce the thickness of the road surface layer, which makes them a very beneficial component of these compositions. In the presented work, we show the main polymer additives used to improve the mechanical properties of bitumen, consider their advantages and disadvantages
2026-04-01
Vagif M. Abbasov, Seadet M. Asker-zadeh, Emil A. Alkhasli, Gadir A. Aliyev, Olga B. Urban, Sabina H. Eldarova, Ilhama A. Khudiyeva, Fidan N. Аzizova, Mahammad M. Shukurzada
In the context of instability in global energy markets, the intensification of integration processes becomes a significant lever in addressing the problems of the oil refining industry, both between different sectors and among individual enterprises within a single industry. Integration processes have always existed in the economy. In this respect, all types of economic systems are similar. The difference lies in the purpose of uniting economic entities. This may involve the prospect of combining resources (material, financial, and managerial) or ensuring survival under market conditions through cooperation. For the effective functioning of the domestic oil complex, it is important to create incentives for combining the efforts of oil extraction and oil refining enterprises in order to reduce production costs. Domestic oil refining, as is well known, has a history spanning more than a century. As the industry developed and evolved, enterprises underwent repeated modernization, individual production facilities were merged, and companies were consolidated and expanded. The article presents the stages of modernization of domestic oil refining and petrochemical enterprises, as well as the role of scientists from academician Y.H. Mammadaliyev Institute of Petrochemical Processes in the fundamental modernization of the industry. In addition, taking into account the priority directions of global oil refining development, the results of research on the intensification of integration processes between oil and gas processing and petrochemistry within the fuel and energy complex are presented. Furthermore, based on the advantages of integration within the oil refining industry, it should be noted that there is an urgent need to develop and deepen integration processes in the fuel and energy complex, making use of the benefits of coordinated operation among large-scale electricity, gas, and oil refining systems
2026-03-31
Natalya V. Fatyanova, Fuad F. Mammadov
This article presents a study of the ecological aspects of marine coatings modified with nanocomponents, which represent a promising approach for achieving both high efficiency and environmental safety in shipbuilding. Due to increasingly strict international regulations such as MARPOL Annex VI and EU environmental directives, the development of durable and environmentally friendly protective coatings with corrosion resistance and antifouling properties has become highly relevant. A model coating system based on pentaphthalic varnish PF-060 was investigated. The formulation included nano-calcium carbonate, nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), nano-talc, a silicon-organic modifier, and copper oxide (Cu 2 O). The research methodology involved the calculation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, toxicity index, biodegradability coefficient, integral ecological index, and biofouling protection index. Mathematical modeling and graphical analysis were used to interpret the results. The results showed that VOC emissions of the developed coating do not exceed 19%, which complies with international environmental standards. The integral ecological index reached 0.34, significantly exceeding the value typical for conventional Cu 2 O -based coatings (≈0.2). The inclusion of nanocomponents reduced toxicity, improved biodegradability, and enabled a reduction of Cu 2 O content to the minimum effective level (4%) without loss of antifouling performance. In addition, nano-talc and nano-calcium carbonate improved barrier properties against water and chloride penetration, while ZnO nanoparticles provided antimicrobial protection. The study confirms the potential of nanomodified marine coatings as a sustainable solution that combines high protective performance with improved ecological safety
2026-03-30
Vagif M. Abbasov, Teyyub A. Ismayilov, Gultekin M. Guliyeva, Balajakhanim A. Huseynova, Sevinj S. Suleymanova, Gultekin A. Isayeva, Gulnar T. Valiyeva, Nazli A. Mehdiyeva
Since oil is mainly a mixture of hydrocarbons, its research methods are directly aimed at studying the composition of hydrocarbons. The study of the chemical composition of oils is based on the separation of crude oil into separate fractions, simplification of the composition of these fractions and their study by combining various methods. More accurate study of the composition of oil and oil products is possible with the help of spectral methods. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy is widely used in the study of the structure of organic compounds together with optical methods. The absorption of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted by this device is related to the magnetic properties of the nucleus of substances. The article presents the results obtained from the extraction of 50°C fractions of well oils No. 121, 198 and 216 and the study of their hydrocarbon structural-group compositions by IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that, despite the fact that the fractions were obtained from different well oils, they are similar in terms of compositional indicators. In 1 H NMR spectra, the most intense peaks are observed in the absorption bands at 0.6-1.0 and 1.0-2 ppm, the first of which is related to the protons of methyl groups (Hγ), the second to the protons of methylene and methine (Hβ) groups: the chemical shift area δ=1.49-2.11 ppm shows the resonance absorption signals of the protons of naphthenes. The fractions have a similar composition, but with an increase in boiling temperature, saturated radicals in paraffin and aromatic structures increase, naphthenes decrease relatively, but the protons of saturated structures exceed >90%
2026-03-30
Ibrahim H. Movlayev, Zaur Z. Aghamaliyev
This presented research is dedicated to the synthesis and study of the properties of compositions based on: an epoxy oligomer (EO-20), a phenol-formaldehyde oligomer modified with benzoamine-modified phenolformaldehyde oligomer at various ratios and a combination of benzoamine-modified phenolformaldehyde oligomer with liquid butadiene-nitrile rubber (SKN-18-1). The preparation of the compositions was conducted based on the following technological process: first, BAFFO is crushed into a fine orange powder. The powdered benzoamine-modified phenolformaldehyde oligomer is weighed out in various ratios and then gradually added to the epoxy oligomer, which has been heated to a temperature of 55-65 o C This mixture is intensively stirred for 6-8 min, leading to mechanical modification and resulting in a homogeneous system. A stabilizer is then added to the resulting homogeneous mixture and intensively stirred for 4-5 min. Subsequently, maleic anhydride is added as a hardener to the composition mixture and intensively stirred for 6-8 min. The prepared composition mixtures are cured in a thermostatic oven for 22 h at a temperature of 175 o C in the form of sheets 1.8-2 mm thick on steel metal plates. The physico-mechanical and chemical properties of the prepared composition sheets were studied, and it was determined that the properties of the composition optimally modified with 6-8 parts by weight (p.w.) of benzoamine-modified phenolformaldehyde oligomer significantly improved compared to the composition based on the unmodified EO-20. Furthermore, the effect of coke and zinc oxide as fillers on the properties of the EO-20/ benzoamine-modified phenolformaldehyde oligomer mixture-based composition was investigated. The compositions were prepared and their properties studied based on the aforementioned technological process. The research determined that adding 4-6 p.w. of coke or ZnO to the composition mixture improves the properties relative to the initial composition
2026-03-30
E.M. Fakher, Reem K. Frage, Sameh A. Rizk, Asmaa Mohamed, Ahmed M. Al-Sabagh
The synthesis of water-soluble linear copolymers containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymerizable monomers represents an effective strategy for tailoring surface-active properties. This study reports the preparation and characterization of novel copolymers based on two functional monomers. The hydrophilic monomer, 3-(acryloyl carbamoyl)-5-aminobenzoic acid (PA), was synthesized via amidation between acrylamide and 5-amino isophthalic acid at a 1:1 molar ratio. The hydrophobic monomer, (E)-2-(2-acrylamido-2-oxoethyl) tetradec-4-enoic acid (PB), was prepared through amidation of acrylamide with amino 2-dodecenyl succinic anhydride. Copolymerization of PA and PB was carried out via free radical polymerization at different molar ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 3:1). The highest number-average molecular weights were obtained at ratios 1:2 (14,914) and 3:1 (13,900), with low polydispersity indices (1.13 and 1.18). Monomer reactivity ratios were determined from ¹H NMR data using Fineman–Ross (FR), Kelen–Tüdös (KT), and extended KT methods. Results indicated higher reactivity for PB compared to PA. The synthesized copolymers were evaluated for solubility, interfacial behavior, and surfactant-like performance in aqueous media. Key parameters, including critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, and thermodynamic properties, were investigated. The copolymers showed significant surface tension reduction, reaching minimum values of 25.68 mN/m at 55 °C for the 1:2 ratio and 26.32 mN/m for the 3:1 ratio. These findings were supported by favorable adsorption free energy values (ΔGads of −33.74 and −33.11 kJ·mol⁻¹), confirming their strong surface activity
2026-03-30
Jasur E. Safarov, Shakhnoza A. Sultanova, Mahammad R. Najafli, Andrey S. Ponasenko, Doston I. Samandarov, Azamat B. Usenov, Abdurakhmon M. Mirkomilov, Gani T. Dadayev, Muslum Huseynli, Leyla A. Makhmudova
In this paper, thermodynamic modeling of heat and mass transfer in a three-dimensional closed environment during convective drying of a pumpkin sample was performed. The main objective of the study was to determine the air heat flow balance during the drying process and evaluate the second-law efficiency of the process by physically correct calculation of enthalpy, entropy, and exergy indices (based on the Kelvin scale). As a result of scientific research, mass and energy balance equations were developed for the air flows entering and leaving the drying chamber. Within the framework of the thermodynamic analysis, enthalpy change, entropy change, and exergy were calculated based on the equations. Exergy loss was determined and the degree of irreversibility during the drying process was estimated. The experiments were conducted on pumpkin samples with an initial moisture content of 70%. For each experiment, the pumpkin sample was cut into pieces of the same size so that they completely occupied the volume of the tray, and the initial weight was determined using an analytical balance, which ensured that all samples had the same mass. During the drying process, heat and mass exchange processes were observed at different temperature regimes. The article presents input-output diagrams of enthalpy, entropy and exergy flows, with the help of which the energy efficiency of the drying system was comprehensively assessed. The results showed that with increasing temperature, the enthalpy and exergy values increase, but the entropy generation also increases and the irreversibility of the process increases. The optimal regime is determined under conditions where the exergy efficiency is maximum
2026-03-30
Amina N. Alimova, Ilhama A. Zarbaliyeva, Saida F. Ahmadbayova, Gunay A. Hajiyeva, Fidan M. Gasanova, Elmar E. Asgarzade
This work is devoted to the synthesis of surfactants based on tetradecanoic acid with N,N′-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine and poly(N-ethenamine). The composition and structure of the obtained products were identified by IR- and UV spectroscopy. Physicochemical properties were studied, as well as their aqueous solutions of various concentrations, by measuring parameters such as surface tension and electrical conductivity. Using the tensiometric method at the air-water interface, the surface-active properties of aqueous solutions of the synthesized reagents at different concentrations were determined. As a result, the relationship between concentration and surface tension was established, and parameters related to surface-active properties were calculated (critical micelle concentration; maximum adsorption; minimum molecular surface area at the air–water interface; surface pressure). Electrical conductivity properties were studied using the conductometric method; a plot of concentration versus specific electrical conductivity was constructed, and thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy of micellization and adsorption) were calculated. The oil-collecting and dispersing abilities of the obtained reagents in water with different degrees of mineralization were also studied using their 5% aqueous solutions and the neat reagents. Balakhany crude oil was used in the experiments. It was established that the obtained reagents exhibit high oil-collecting and oil-dispersing ability
2026-03-30
Aida I. Dunyamalieva, Nushaba I. Kurbanova, Eldar B. Zeynalov, Asker B. Huseynov
The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the structure and properties of nanocomposites based on isotactic polypropylene containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes has been studied. The physical-mechanical and thermal properties of the obtained composites were investigated using differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the introduction of zinc oxide nanoparticles into a composition based on isotactic polypropylene containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes contributes to a change in tensile strength from 31.41 to 31.47 MPa, Vicat softening point from 165°C to 180°C while maintaining elongation at break. The study of the thermal-oxidative properties of nanocomposites showed that the activation energy of the thermal-oxidative decomposition of isotactic polypropylene increases from 145.45 to 230.82 kJ/mol, the half-decomposition temperature T 50 increases from 335 to 400°C, and the time to half-decomposition τ 1/2 increases from 63.2 to 75.3 min. It was found that when introducing zinc oxide nanoparticles into a polypropylene composition containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes, a complex interweaving of the nanoparticles with each other and with the polymer matrix is observed, a new fine-crystalline supramolecular structure is formed, associated with the interphase interaction of zinc-containing nanoparticles with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which contributes to the maximum improvement of the physical-mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposite. The obtained results of SEM analysis indicate that small amounts of introduced nanofillers apparently play the role of structure-forming agents - artificial crystallization nuclei, which contributes to the emergence of a fine-spherulitic structure in the polymer, characterized by enhanced strength and thermal stability of the resulting nanocomposite
2026-03-30
Vagif M. Abbasov, Rana A. Asadova, Fizuli A. Nasirov, Gunay D. Zeynalova, Fakhraddin N. Aghayev, Khadija F. Hasanli
The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of aqueous solutions of chitosan at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.0001% on the germination and early vegetative growth stages of tomato seeds of the Goycha variety. The experiments were conducted within the framework of joint cooperation between the Y.H. Mammadaliyev Institute of Petrochemical Processes and the Research Institute of Vegetable Growing. In the present study, the organic biopolymer polysaccharide chitosan was applied to tomato seeds. The results of the study revealed a significant effect of the applied concentrations of chitosan on the germination of tomato seeds and the early stages of seedling development. Treatment of seeds with 0.001 and 0.0001% aqueous solutions of chitosan accelerated the germination process, improved seedling formation, and stimulated early vegetative growth. Compared to the control variant, a noticeable increase in both shoot and root length was observed. At the same time, it was determined that the lower concentration of chitosan (0.0001%) was more effective than the higher concentration (0.001%) and the control. This indicates that chitosan exhibits a stronger biostimulatory effect at low concentrations, while relatively inhibitory effects may occur at higher concentrations. During the experiments, seed germination parameters, the main morphological characteristics of seedlings, and their early vegetative development stages were systematically and comparatively evaluated. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of chitosan as a potential biostimulant and allowed a scientifically grounded assessment of its application prospects in tomato cultivation and agriculture in general
2026-03-30
Yusura A. Abdullayeva, Maisa A. Najafova, Zaira A. Gasimova, Sayali A. Aliyeva, Rukhsara I. Huseynova, Nargiz F. Gafarova, Saida F. Ahmadbayova, Ayaz M. Mammadov
The intensive development of the oil industry in Azerbaijan requires studying the composition and quality of new field oils and condensates going to processing. It is known that oil mainly consists of paraffin, naphthene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Depending on their composition, different field oils differ in quality. The high content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the raw material increases the formation of coke on catalysts during processing, which leads to the completion of the cracking reaction [1]. On the other hand, it is necessary to provide the world oil industry with high-quality oil products. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine the quality of oil and condensate from various fields. The study of the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbon raw materials and their composition using spectral methods is an urgent issue facing oil chemists [2-6]. In this regard, the study of oil and condensate from the “8 Mart” field is of particular importance, so the article presents the results of that study. The physicochemical properties of the extracted raw materials comply with the relevant standards, and the composition was determined by IR-; UV-; IMR-; PMR-spectroscopy methods. The indicators reflecting the physicochemical properties of the oil and condensate of the “8 Mart” field and the results of spectral analysis may be important for more efficient use of raw materials and assessment of technological parameters in the process of their processing
2026-03-19
Vagif M. Abbasov, Ayaz M. Mammadov, Aysura Sh. Guluzade, Shafiga C. Isgandarli, Nurlan F. Bayramov, Musa M. Mustafayev, Rufana R. Mammadova, Maryam H. Dehabadi
The synthesis of trisubstituted imidazoles was efficiently achieved via a multicomponent condensation reaction conducted in the presence of ionic liquid catalysts and assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. Benzil, ammonium acetate, and the corresponding aromatic aldehydes underwent cyclocondensation in ethanol, with ultrasonic energy facilitating enhanced molecular activation and improved mass transfer between reactants. Among the catalytic systems examined, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate and N-methyl pyrrolidone hydrosulfate played a decisive role in modulating reaction time and product yield. Notably, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate afforded shorter reaction times and higher yields, highlighting its catalytic advantage under ultrasonic conditions. The structures of the synthesized imidazole derivatives were unequivocally confirmed through 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopic analyses. In addition, a lophine–nitric acid complex was synthesized via thermal treatment in benzene, yielding a crystalline product. The geometries of the reactants and the resulting complex were optimized using Density Functional Theory calculations, and the interaction energy between the imidazole core and nitric acid was evaluated to elucidate the nature of complex formation. Overall, the proposed methodology offers significant advantages in terms of high efficiency, reduced reaction times, and environmental compatibility, making it a promising strategy for applications in medicinal chemistry, catalysis, and materials science
2026-03-19
Vagif M. Abbasov, Gular A. Abbasova, Sabina Z. Akhmadova, Saadat A. Suleymanova, Sharabanu N. Ibragimli, Konul V. Azizova, Gunel A. Amrahova
This study focuses on the synthesis of a new complex compound based on 2-aminopyridine and oleic acid and the investigation of its corrosion inhibition performance on C1018 steel in a carbon dioxide (CO2) environment. Corrosion of carbon steel in CO2-containing media is a serious problem in many industrial systems, particularly in oil and gas production and transportation, where aggressive environments accelerate the degradation of metal equipment. Therefore, the development of effective corrosion inhibitors capable of protecting steel surfaces under such conditions is of significant scientific and practical importance. In the first stage of the research, a complex compound was synthesized through the interaction of 2-aminopyridine with oleic acid. The synthesis resulted in a high product yield of 95 %, indicating the efficiency of the reaction process. The composition and structure of the synthesized complex were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of the expected compound and the presence of functional groups responsible for adsorption on the metal surface. To investigate the corrosion inhibition properties of the synthesized compound, a 20% inhibitor solution was prepared using 30 % isopropyl alcohol as a solvent. Some physicochemical properties of the prepared solution were also determined. The effect of the inhibitor on the corrosion behavior of C1018 steel was studied in a 1% NaCl solution saturated with CO2. Electrochemical measurements were carried out using the potentiodynamic polarization method at different inhibitor concentrations at a temperature of 50 °C for 1 h using the CORRTEST CS Studio6 Lib system. The obtained results showed that the synthesized complex exhibits very high corrosion protection efficiency, reaching 99.6 % at 500 ppm and 99.9 % at 1000 ppm, indicating the formation of a protective adsorbed layer on the steel surface